Information Resources |
||
 |
 |
 |
Citations and Notetaking Resources |
||
(log in using Google) |
 |
 |
| Petition | a legal document formally requesting a court order |
| Petitioner | a party (individual or group) that presents a petition to the court |
| Respondent | the party against whom a petition is filed |
| Standing | the condition of being connected to and harmed by a law or action. A petitioner must demonstrate this in order to participate in a court case. |
| Petitioner's Claim | a demand for money, property, or enforcement of a right provided by law |
| Justice (noun) | judge of the Supreme Court of a state or country |
| Assent | approval |
| Dissent | disagreement |
 |
Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986) The court decided that students' right to use vulgar (inappropriate language is not protected in schools. |
 |
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988) The court decided that students' right to free speech in a school newspaper may be restricted with educational justification (reasoning). |
 |
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) The court decided that monetary contributions by corporations and organizations to political campaigns are protected as free speech. |
 |
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) The court decided that the Constitution did not extend citizenship to Black Americans and people of African descent. This case also decided that Congress did not have the power to ban slavery in states. |
 |
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) The court decided that racial segregation was constitutional under the "separate but equal" doctrine (belief). 1896 'Plessy' Ruling Legalizes Segregation in US (Voice of America) |
 |
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) The court overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine, and ruled that state laws establishing separate schools for white and black students were unconstitutional. decided that monetary contributions by corporations and organizations to political campaigns are protected as free speech.' Landmark Ruling Ends Lawful School Segregation (Voice of America) |
 |
Mapp v. Ohio (1961) The Supreme Court decided that evidence collected without a search warrant could not be used in state courts. |
 |
Loving v. Virginia (1967) The court recognized the right to interracial marriage, and declared race-based restrictions on marriage unconstitutional. |
 |
Romer v. Evans (1996) The court decided that the "Equal Protection Clause" prevents states from denying civil rights protections to those identifying as members of the LGBTQ+ community. |
 |
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) The court ruled that same sex marriage is protected by the 14th amendment. |
 |
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940) The court decided that the state's interest in national unity allowed school boards to require students to salute the flag. |
 |
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) The court decided that students are protected from having to salute the flag or recite the Pledge of Allegiance through the free exercise clause of the First Amendment. |
 |
Texas v. Johnson (1989) The court decided that an individual has a right to burn the flag under the First Amendment free expression clause. |
 |
Engel v. Vitale (1962) The court decided that requiring school prayer in public schools was a violation of the First Amendment. |
 |
Korematsu v. United States (1944) The court determined that the government order (during World War II, 1942) that sent Japanese Americans to prison camps, rather than allowing them to remain in their homes, was constitutional. |
 |
Clapper v. Amnesty International (2012) The court determined that the government had power to conduct surveillance (monitoring) on international phone calls and emails. |
 |
District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) The court upheld the right of individuals to own guns under the Second Amendment. The court also determined that Washington D.C.’s ban on owning handguns to be unconstitutional |