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By the early 18th century, Portugal’s oppressive policies toward the colonists brought about a strong movement for independence. Pedro, the Portuguese prince regent, supported the movement. He proclaimed Brazil’s independence on 7 September 1822. Later that year, he was crowned Emperor Pedro I. In 1831, a military revolt forced him to abdicate (step down). The throne then passed to his five-year-old son, also named Pedro.
In 1840, the new emperor was crowned. Under Pedro II, Brazil enjoyed half a century of peaceful progress. New frontiers were opened, many immigrants arrived from Europe, railroads were built, and the gathering of rubber in the Amazon Basin led to the growth of cities. The abolition of slavery in 1888 brought about an economic crisis that disrupted the Brazilian Empire.
In 1889, a bloodless revolution deposed Pedro II and established the Republic of the United States of Brazil. At first the republic was ruled by military regimes, but by 1894, a constitutional civilian government was in place. By the end of the 19th century, coffee had become the nation’s principal source of wealth.
The young prince eventually acceded to popular sentiment, and advised by the Brazilian José Bonifácio , on Sept. 7, 1822, on the banks of the Ipiranga River, allegedly uttered the fateful cry of independence. He became Pedro I , emperor of Brazil. Pedro's rule, however, gradually kindled increasing discontent in Brazil, and in 1831 he had to abdicate in favor of his son, Pedro II .
The reign of this popular emperor saw the foundation of modern Brazil. Ambitions directed toward the south were responsible for involving the country in the war (1851–52) against the Argentine dictator, Juan Manuel de Rosas, and again in the War of the Triple Alliance (1865–70) against Paraguay. Brazil drew little benefit from either; far more important were the rise of postwar discontent in the military and beginnings of the large-scale European immigration that was to make SE Brazil the economic heart of the nation. Railroads and roads were constructed, and today the region has an excellent transportation system.
The plantation culture of the Northeast was already crumbling by the 1870s, and the growth of the movement to abolish slavery, spurred by such men as Antônio de Castro Alves and Joaquim Nabuco , threatened it even more. The slave trade had been abolished in 1850, and a law for gradual emancipation was passed in 1871. In 1888 while Pedro II was in Europe and his daughter Isabel was governing Brazil, slavery was completely abolished. The planters thereupon withdrew their support of the empire, enabling republican forces, aided by a military at odds with the emperor, to triumph.
In 1889 the republic was established by a bloodless revolution, with Marshal Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca as its first president. The rivalry of the states and the power of the army in government, especially under Fonseca's unpopular Jacobinist successor, Marshal Floriando Peixoto , caused the political situation to remain uneasy. The expanding market for Brazilian coffee and more particularly the wild-rubber boom brought considerable wealth as the 19th cent. ended.
Brazilian Independence from the Library of Congress
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